"Impeach Bush! Impeach Bush..."

were the words my 4 year old son was chanting on our way home from the demonstration against King George's visit to Napa. On the way to the demonstration my 6year old daughter spent the drive trying to figure out ways to get Bush to listen and settled on a brilliant idea.

"Okay, we will offer to give him some of our Easter candy so he will listen. I can tell him if you listen, I will give you some candy."
"That sounds like a good idea. What do you want to say to him?" I ask.
"To be nice."

A reasonable request considering the number of US lives he has put at stake.
Earlier in the day Bush visited Cisco systems. Protesters stopped him from coming to Stanford University. This morning my four year old son asked if we could buy a megaphone for the protest in Sacramento. "I want to yell REALLY loud and tell Bush to be nice."

Now how do we explain the protest against the white supremacists? I have no idea.

A common goal on the beach...

Yesterday I spent the day at the beach with the children. I went with my friend who had her son and her two daycare children. Total of 5 small children ranging in age from 2-6 and 2 adults. Temperaments varied quite a bit. It was definitely like those movies driving out and back. The minivan full of children singing songs with the occasional yelling, mothers trying to carry on a conversation unsuccessfully. "I'm hungry!" "I want to go to the store." "When will we be at the beach?" "I have to go to the bathroom." "Are we there yet?" " I don't like THAT strawberry, I want that one that she has" "Well I like that one and NOT that one he has." "I don't want a strawberry, I want a carrot." "Ewww!"

We get there and no one managed to run off ahead of us and all the strawberries were gone. The beach was full of driftwood from the storms. Others had built little forts along the sand. The children decided to build a house. What was great was seeing the littlest one help two bigger ones carry a very heavy piece of wood to their work site. "I will help!" "Oh Thank you!" They managed to get them into the ground and make a crescent shaped wall. I was fascinated at their ability to all work together.

It reminded me of Kurt Lewin's field theory.

An intrinsic state of tension within group members stimulates or motivates movement toward the achievement of desired common goals (Johnson and Johnson, 1995). Interdependence (of fate and task) also results in the group being a ‘dynamic whole’. This means that a change in one member or subgroups impacts upon others. These two elements combined together to provide the basis for Deutch’s (1949) deeply influential exploration of the relationship of task to process (and his finding that groups under conditions of positive interdependence were generally more co-operative. Members tended to participate and communicate more in discussion; were less aggressive; liked each other more; and tended to be productive as compared to those working under negative task interdependence) (Brown 1989; Johnson and Johnson, 1995) (Smith,2001).

The children were dependent on each other for the achievement (the house). This created a strong dynamic of interdependence. They had a common goal and cooperated in making it happen. According to Lewin, people may come to a group with very different dispositions, but if they share a common objective, they are likely to act together to achieve it.

5 children with radically different temperaments and in different stages of development worked together.

Smith, M. K. (2001). Kurt Lewin, groups, experiential learning and action research. The Encyclopedia of Informal Education. Retrieved April 21, 2006 from: http://www.infed.org/thinkers/et-lewin.htm

An interesting and weird day...

What an interesting day it has been. Usually I am pretty regimented in my days. Clinic on Mon and Tues, study day Wed and Thurs, carpool Thurs, Friday either home with Liam or a study day. Today I woke up with the kids. I am home with them most of the week for Spring Break. It is welcomed time away from school.

Then the weird part...I get a call to interview for a nursing position next week. That's exciting. I get another call from a nursing recruiter (who in all honesty I thought was a solicitor so I was pretty abrupt with him) and an email from a recruiter in the UK. To top it all off I get a call asking if I am interested in a nursing director job, yep of an entire department. I applied for a different position there. Ironically when I was sending my resume out this weekend I was crying to my partner that my cover letter was poorly written and I was just a overeducated nurse with not enough experience. Who would even consider me?

Even better, I received an email officially accepting me into the post-Master's family nurse practitioner (FNP) program. Hooray! I will be deferring for a year to travel to Europe with the family. The logistics of going to Europe this summer are overwhelming and exciting. A friend is interested in renting our house and caring for our dog. That is nice. I realize I could easily have a job set up before I leave...job stability before leaving for 6 months is always nice.

The children are picking up Spanish and French. We went to the book store to buy some bilingual children's books. Liam saw a book with mariposas and counted them in Spanish without my prompting him. For me it has been fun relearning the French I spent 5 years learning in high school and college and the year of Spanish I took a few years ago.

But for now, my reality is I have 2-4 weeks to finish my culminating Master's project, write a few more essays, finish my financial project, study for finals, finish clinic hours, send out invitations for graduation and complete a few certification courses. Oh yes and take the nursing licensure examination. Europe stays on the back burner for a little longer.

Glad so much is happening.
Glad graduate school is coming to a close.
Glad I have a great family and group of friends that support me every step of the way.

Appeals Court Bars Arrests of Homeless in Los Angeles

Wonderful news. Ironically, Los Angeles of all places.
If only San Francisco had not been voted meanest city.

http://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/15/us/15homeless.html

Study Concludes Planned Homebirth is Safe

Reinforcing that we have many options for birthing...

Outcomes of planned home births with certified professional midwives: large prospective study in North America
http://bmj.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/abstract/330/7505/1416

Objective To evaluate the safety of home births in North America involving direct entry midwives, in jurisdictions where the practice is not well integrated into the healthcare system.
Design Prospective cohort study.

Setting All home births involving certified professional midwives across the United States (98% of cohort) and Canada, 2000.

Participants All 5418 women expecting to deliver in 2000 supported by midwives with a common certification and who planned to deliver at home when labour began.

Main outcome measures Intrapartum and neonatal mortality, perinatal transfer to hospital care, medical intervention during labour, breast feeding, and maternal satisfaction.

Results 655 (12.1%) women who intended to deliver at home when labour began were transferred to hospital. Medical intervention rates included epidural (4.7%), episiotomy (2.1%), forceps (1.0%), vacuum extraction (0.6%), and caesarean section (3.7%); these rates were substantially lower than for low risk US women having hospital births. The intrapartum and neonatal mortality among women considered at low risk at start of labour, excluding deaths concerning life threatening congenital anomalies, was 1.7 deaths per 1000 planned home births, similar to risks in other studies of low risk home and hospital births in North America. No mothers died. No discrepancies were found for perinatal outcomes independently validated.

Conclusions Planned home birth for low risk women in North America using certified professional midwives was associated with lower rates of medical intervention but similar intrapartum and neonatal mortality to that of low risk hospital births in the United States.

Thanks to Susan Hodges, President of Citizens for Midwiferyfor this post
More commentary at http://www.cfmidwifery.org/Resources/Item.aspx?ID=84
www.cfmidwifery.org
1-888-236-4880

An Easter Funny

This was sent to me by
a sister nursing student
reminding us to assess
the chocolate bunnies this
weekend.

May 1st - Defend the Rights of Immigrant Workers

Thought this was interesting...

Whereas: the working class knows no borders or races,
but exists wherever workers are exploited for the benefit
of capital...

Whereas: the working class knows no borders or races,
but exists wherever workers are exploited for the benefit
of capital; and

Whereas: all human beings are entitled to the means of
obtaining the necessities of life for themselves and their
families, regardless of any artificial barriers created by
government; and

Whereas: the nature of capitalist economies is to draw
workers from all over to the centers of capitalist investment,
while at the same time drawing wealth out of less-developed
economies, thereby eliminating opportunities to earn a living
within such economies; and

Whereas: the recent rise in immigration to the United States
of America is directly attributable to this process, as exemplified
by the destructive free-trade treaties forced upon Latin America
by the United States government, as well as the insatiable lust
of North American employers for a dependent, immigrant
work-force that can be compelled to labor under sub-minimum
wages and deplorable working conditions and used to undermine
the working conditions of all workers; and

Whereas: all workers, wherever economic necessity may force
them to seek work, are entitled to organize and take concerted,
economic action for the defense and aid of their class, for which
purpose the Industrial Workers of the World has sought to unite
the workers of the world in One Big Union, regardless of
nationality or place of origin; and

Whereas: the struggle of immigrant workers is connected and
integral to the struggle of all workers for industrial freedom
and economic security, which demands the solidarity of all workers,
in every industry throughout the world;

Now, therefore, be it RESOLVED,

That the General Executive Board of the Industrial Workers
of the World declares its opposition to efforts to prohibit or
criminalize the crossing of national borders by workers, and
opposes efforts to prohibit the giving of aid and comfort to
immigrant workers; and be it further RESOLVED,

That, in order to advance the solidarity of all workers, and to
demonstrate to the employing class that an injury to one
worker is an injury to all, the General Executive Board of the
Industrial Workers of the World hereby endorses the popular
call for a general strike and protest in defense of immigrant
workers in the United States, and calls upon all Branches and
members of the Organization to participate in such a strike and
protest, as local circumstances shall permit, on the first day of
May 2006, the International Workers' Holiday.

GENERAL EXECUTIVE BOARD
INDUSTRIAL WORKERS OF THE WORLD

May Day Flyer

May Day Flyer

Good Friday

It's Good Friday -- the day Jesus hung naked on the cross.
What are you doing today to bring dignity to those who have been stripped? What can you do for the children of Aida?

Being raised Catholic I have been revisiting some of the teachings I knew as a child. Of everything we were taught in Catholic school, holy week and the month of May (Mary) were the most compelling. These have been what have driven me to be a social justice activist.
In reading Lo Fi Tribe’s Via Cruces 2006, I came across this blog . Both are outstanding.

Station IX - Jesus Falls for the Third Time
Extreme poverty is utter devastation. It is having absolutely no hope of even making it to a subsistance level without some assistance. Even Jesus had Simon to help him carry the cross part of the way -- these people have nothing.

Jesus falling the third time is the face of Christ in the children of Northern Uganda, who flee nightly for their lives lest they be captured and sentenced to a life of kill-or-be-killed. It is the face of Christ in the people of Darfur, who sit starving in virtual concentration camps waiting for bands of janjaweed to come and rape and murder them. It is the face of Christ on the people of the Congo, where the tales are so terrible and the cover of darkness so great that the reports of what horrendous evil takes place there are sketchy at best.

Station X -- Jesus is Stripped of His Garments
The children of Aida have no control. They are pawns at best and targets at worst. Like all refugees, they have no home, no freedom from anxiety. They are virtual prisoners. And in the midst of it, there are people who are trying to bring a sense of hope. There are people who are trying to give Jesus back his clothes so he can stand with dignity.

When Jesus talked about clothing the naked as a way of serving him, he wasn't just talking about meeting a level of Maslow's hierarchy. He was talking about what we say in our baptismal covenant -- respecting the dignity of every human being. You can't respect dignity without working to restore dignity where it has been taken away.

Again....

It's Good Friday -- the day Jesus hung naked on the cross.
What are you doing today to bring dignity to those who have been stripped? What can you do for the children of Aida?

Anarchism and Feminism: The Earliest Practitioners

An early 1970s left feminist interpretation of Malleus Maleficarum is the centerpiece of this essay by Barbara Ehrenreich and Deidre English. It sets the tone for a dark story of the co-optation by men of medicine as practiced by women from the earliest times and the subsequent alienation, persecution, and subjugation of such women with the rise of the male-dominated "medical profession." The tragic irony of this tale is that all the good about that profession came from the independent "wise women" of olde. Originally published by The Feminist Press at CUNY.

I was doing some work around researching anarchism and midwifery and came across this essay. This was the first "book" read when I started out in midwifery. It now lays on my bookshelf surrounded by midwifery, nursing & medical texts.

Basra child mortality is rising

A European aid agency has reported a rise in child mortality in the southern Iraqi city of Basra where hospital care is said to be in crisis.

Absurd. What is this nation doing to these children? It's bad enough that the US ranks 36 in the world in infant mortality. Yep, we rank worse that Cuba (no surprise), Portugal, Liechtenstein, Andorra and the Czech Republic. Is this how we "free Iraq?"

The mainly Shia city of Basra is patrolled by British soldiers

Healthcare Reform

Massachusetts approves the first healthcare coverage reform bill which guarantees health insurance for all Massachusetts residents. This could be significant since our current healthcare financing system is far more complicated than it needs to be. The Institute of Medicine found that 18,000 Americans die every year because they don’t have health insurance. The United States spends more than twice as much on health care as the average of other developed nations, all of which boast universal coverage. Yet more than 41 million Americans have no health insurance. Many more are underinsured. Confronted by the rising costs and capabilities of modern medicine, other nations have chosen national health insurance (Physicians' Working Group for Single-Payer National Health Insurance, 2003).

So how are other systems operating? There is so much discussion on healthcare reform here, I wondered if the same discussions were happening elsewhere. Some changes are happening in the Netherlands. The goal of reforms in the Dutch healthcare system is to increase the system's efficiency and its responsiveness to patient's needs, while maintaining equal access (Schut & Van de Ven, 2005).

Originally the healthcare system in the Netherlands worked within a combination of the private and public sectors. According to the Healthcare Market Review (2004, October), there are three components.

• public insurance for long-term and high-cost treatments, the Algemene Wet Bijzondere Ziektekosten, (AWBZ)
• ‘common medical care’
o public insurance for income groups below the statutory ceiling, the Sickness Funds Act, the Ziekenfondswet, (ZFW)
o voluntary private insurance for income groups above the statutory ceiling
• voluntary private insurances for complementary and supplementary care.

All voluntary private insurance is within the private sector. The Dutch government felt that this system was not working. The year on year expenditures were too high. The problem is that common medical care component is divided into two parts which is also a central supply-led system. The government would like to change to a demand-led system.

With the hope of balancing supply and demand and decreasing costs they changed the three components. The standard medical care component was 100% in the private sector rather than the previous 30%. This component would include all common medical care plus some from the first and third components.

To increase customer awareness of health costs, a no claim refund will be incorporated.

This will be to a maximum of €250, although for some sectors of health provision, such as general practitioners (GPs), any costs of consultation/treatment incurred will not, or will only partially, be taken into account when deciding on entitlement to a ‘no-claim’ refund (to discourage deferment of needed medical advice/treatment) (Healthcare Market Review, 2004).

Insurers can differentiate and compete among each other for the details of the design. Purchasing insurance and acceptance of insures is compulsory. There will be no premium differentiation. If they have a disproportionate share of risk, they will be compensated through risk equalization.

Premiums will be on an income and per person basis. The employer pays the income dependent premium while the employee pays the per person premium. Those who are self employed pay both while minors are covered by the government. The per person part will be the larger percentage of the premium making the employee pay more. For those with low incomes, there is compensation through tax relief. Insurers are no longer obligated to contract with all suppliers. They would be able to negotiate.

This sounds more and more like the direction of the system in the US. I could not find if this system was officially incorporated yet. In the article written in 2004, they mentioned that the changes would begin January 2006. With the new conservative government in the Netherlands now, I would not be surprised if this was, in fact official.

Healthcare Market Review (2004, October). Reforms in the
Dutch health system. Retireved February 6, 2006 from:
http://www.watsonwyatt.com/europe/pubs/healthcare/render2.asp?ID=13851

Physicians' Working Group for Single-Payer National Health
Insurance (2003). Journal of the American Medical Association, 290:798-805.Retrieved April 12, 2006 from:
http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/abstract/290/6/798

Schut F.T & Van de Ven, W.P (2005). Rationing and competition
in the Dutch health-care system. Health Econ, 14(Suppl 1):S59-74.

Midwives and Baptisms

I have been re-exploring the Catholic traditions that were incorporated into my childhood. I had no idea that anyone other than a Catholic priest could baptise. My partner is studying to be a UU minister and yes, he could if necessary perform a baptism. Reading this essay below brought this concept to a new level. As a midwife, I would have had that sacred of a role in the Ukraine? Wow.

When the midwife completed this list of duties aimed at ensuring the medical and
psychological needs of the infant and the young mother, her role as an active member of the birth process was over. Still, her involvement in the life of the child and the mother continued and an examination of her functions in the postnatal period can help elucidate her ritual significance and reveal some of the mythological ideas and folk beliefs underlying her ritual role.

The midwife's first actions after the birth, such as using old, second-hand clothes for
swaddling, for example, were steps in the process of adapting the newborn and helping him or her fit into the human world. We may add to the list of her activities the —naming“ ceremony, through which the new child becomes a separate person and a member of a social group. In the whole of the area on the right bank of the Dnieper the custom of —name receiving“ (otrymaty im'ia) was well known. It was the midwife who visited the priest immediately after the delivery for precisely this purpose. An interesting practice of exchanging or selling infants‘ names is attested. The priest received a compulsory gift (usually a chicken together with some
bread and millet), and the midwife in return —received“ the name, which was registered officially later at the baptism ceremony. It is well worth noting that the midwife was entitled to baptize the infant in the first minutes of life if the child‘s life was in danger. This procedure was called —baptizing with water“ (khrestyty z vody). In such cases the midwife gave the infant its name herself, usually Eve for a girl and Adam for a boy (though sometimes the names would be Ivan and Maria). The church would then recognize the procedure as a true baptism, so that the infant would not die unbaptized.


Boriak, O. (2002). The Anthropology of Birth in Russia and Ukraine:
The Midwife in Traditional Ukrainian Culture: Ritual, Folklore
and Mythology. The Journal of the Slavic and East European
Folklore Association, 7(2).

European connections

I am travelling to Europe this summer through December. The children and I will be travelling through Belgium, Netherlands, France, Spain, England, Ireland, Romania and Turkey. I am looking to correspond and connect with midwives, nurses, healthcare administrators and UUs now and while I am there. I am interested in midwfery in various cultures along with healthcare management. I will complete graduate school next month (46 days until graduation!!!). My program emphasized research, leadership and management along with floor nursing. Please email me at cecily@birthingjourney.com with leads, guidance or contacts.

Border Patrol Checkpoints

We were driving back from San Diego this morning and had to stop at the Border Patrol checkpoint. Yep, there are lots of checkpoints in the US. My 6 year old daughter was confused why we were stopping and what the boder patrol was doing. The first time I came to California (I grew up in Illinois) I came across two checkpoints. One was the agriculture inspection point coming into CA and the other was, of course the border patrol checkpoint when one travels north of San Diego.


Along the border patrol checkpoints there are ominous signs with silhouettes of families running with their children. It it a warning to us that people may be trying to esacpe into the US. I was horrified the first time I saw this 12 years ago. I am now sensitized.

So my daughter continues to inquire. It's 4 am and I am grumpy. What are they looking for? In all honesty they are looking for people of color, people who match their profile, people from Mexico, dark people. The first time I encountered them I was so afraid they would take me out of the car if they saw my dark eyes, hair and complexion. I tell my daughter they are looking for people from Mexico.
"Why are they looking for them? What will they do if they find them?" She asks
"They will take them aside, check them out and most likely send them back to Mexico."
"Why would they do that? Why are they here?" She continues.
"The US does not want them here. The people from Mexico are very poor and need jobs here or they have family here."
"Well, that's not fair! If they are poor and we are not then we need to share." She says
"Yes we do need to share."
She is so right. Thanks to all who protested today!


This is the wall between the haves and the have nots...

Students and Workers Win!!! France scraps CPE Law... for now.

A little mobilization makes a difference.

Deontology

What drives our actions to do good? I have been asking myself this question for years as a social justice activist. Kant’s philosophy is that “the good will is the possession of a rationally guided will that adds a moral dimension to one's acts. So it is the recognition and appreciation of duty itself that must drive our actions” (McCormick, 2005). The duty itself rather than the result is what he says must drive our actions for good.

As an activist, I have had a myriad of motives for the actions I take to make change. Yes the end result desired is change whether it be ending oppression, feeding the hungry or stopping a war. But in that, I may take action because it is what is right regardless of outcome. I am ultimately a pacifist because in my view killing is simply wrong. It is the inner force of universal good that drives me to help. Since I am not, according to Kant, “a wholly rational being” I may do some work because I want to expand the activist community. The motivation no longer is because it is good. It becomes to build a bigger movement to do more good. This can be damaging by compromising the action. When we are acting out of our own self interests, the action no longer is purely good. Motivations change and activists can lose touch of why they are taking action.

One group of activists that came to mind while reading about Kant was the Catholic Worker movement started by Dorothy Day. Those within the Catholic Worker movement are committed to nonviolence, voluntary poverty, prayer and helping those who are homeless and oppressed. Their goal or end, is to “create a new society within the shell of the old, a society in which it will be easier to be good“ (Catholic Worker, 2002).

In morals, relations between people are corrupted by distorted images of the human person. Class, race and sex often determine personal worth and position within society, leading to structures that foster oppression. Capitalism further divides society by pitting owners against workers in perpetual conflict over wealth and its control. Those who do not "produce" are abandoned, and left, at best, to be "processed" through institutions. Spiritual destitution is rampant, manifested in isolation, madness, promiscuity and violence (Catholic Worker, 2002).

I found that the Catholic worker movement represents a group of activists reflecting some of Kant’s philosophy. They take action because it is what is good. “We ground our work in a firm belief in the God-given dignity of every person and we take seriously the Gospel mandate in
Christian scripture to practice the Works of Mercy” (Catholic Worker, 2002). I suppose one could argue that their motivation is to end hunger and therefore not purely good. However, their philosophy and actions are congruent. They live in voluntary poverty, educate and take in immigrants so that they can truly do good. They are acting for humanity. “Act so that you treat humanity, whether in your own person or in that of another, always as an end and never as a means only” (McCormick, M, 2005).

Catholic Worker (2002, May). The Aims and Means of the Catholic Worker. Reprinted from The Catholic Worker newspaper. Retrieved February 14, 2006 from http://www.catholicworker.org/aimsandmeanstext.cfm?Number=5

McCormick, M (2005). Emmanual Kant. The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved February 14, 2006 from http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/k/kantmeta.htm

Feminism and Ethical Relativism

A 14 year old female client was hospitalized for Anorexia Nervosa. She was 79 lbs upon admission with a pre-illness weight of 105 lbs. She did not want to be hospitalized and pleaded with parents and staff to let her go home. Her treatment began in the hospital until she was stabilized and reached an appropriate weight stabilization. From there she was treated in the outpatient setting. She attended clinic weekly where she received weekly individual, family and group counseling. She received medical monitoring and weekly nutritional consults.

The overall belief of eating disorders is that they are considered wrong and an illness in need of treatment. “Normative ethical relativism claims that each culture’s (or group’s) beliefs are right within that culture, and that it is impossible to validly judge another culture’s values from the outside” (Hinman, n.d.). From this perspective, an eating disorder may not necessarily be considered wrong by some. In a culture that values thin as ideal beauty such as modeling or dancing, an eating disorder may be considered an acceptable, even encouraged means to this beauty. The girls may see it as a highly desired goal to achieve.

Anorexia nervosa and excessive dieting concerns were overrepresented in the dance and modelling students. Within the dance group those from the most competitive environments had the greatest frequency of anorexia nervosa. These data suggest that both pressures to be slim and achievement expectations are risk factors in the development of anorexia nervosa (Garner & Garfinkle, 1980).

A Libertarian may view anorexia nervosa as a right to treat one’s own body and diet as she sees fit. One might see interference in the form of treatment as paternalistic. A healthcare worker who sees the fatal effects of eating disorders views anorexia nervosa as wrong. Afterall, there is significant scientific evidence that has examined the damaging health effects of eating disorders. Suicide is the second most common cause of death in anorexia nervosa after the complications of the disorder itself (Latzer & Hochdorf, 2005).

A utilitarian can view this as wrong as an eating disorder affects too many. For example, the idolization of a famous model with anorexia nervosa by adolescents may create an epidemic of starving adolescents. They want to be like her, thin and beautiful. This leads to increased healthcare costs.

As ethical relativism addresses varying and sometimes conflicting moral principles around an eating disorder, a feminist will examine anorexia nervosa in context. Instead of addressing it as an issue of right or wrong, she will examine the root causes and effect on the whole and overall effect on women. She will examine the causes such as low self esteem, family dynamics such as control and enmeshment, and socio-cultural influences such as the media. “The influence of socio-cultural determinants are discussed within the context of anorexia nervosa as a multidetermined disorder” (Garner & Garfinkle, 1980).

The feminist will examine the effects of sexual abuse on eating disorders. “The prevalence of childhood sexual abuse is high among individuals seeking inpatient treatment for anorexia nervosa” (Carter, 2003). A feminist will critique the media, larger social system, and power dynamics which perpetuate the eating disorder.

Fortunately, my clinic utilizes a biopsychosocial model to eating disorder treatment. Treatment addresses the patient’s health, nutrition, and family. While the larger social system is not necessarily addressed in the treatment program, more care providers are recognizing it as part of the root cause of eating disorders. Whether anorexia nervosa is wrong or right, it opens up various avenues for analysis. There are no moral absolutes. There can be significant supporting views. We can examine this issue in the context of the whole, thus the crux of moral relativism and feminism.


Carter, J et al. (2003). The impact of childhood sexual abuse in anorexia nervosa.

Child Abuse Negl. 30(3):257-69. Retrieved March 22, 2006 from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16524628&itool=iconabstr&query_hl=14&itool=pubmed_docsum

Garner, D.M. & Garfinkle, P.E. (1980). Socio-cultural factors in the development of

anorexia nervosa. Psychol Med.10(4):647-56. Retrieved March 22, 2006 from:

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=7208724&itool=iconabstr&query_hl=21&itool=pubmed_docsum

Hinman, L.M (n.d.). Ethics Updates. Retrieved March 22, 2006 from: http://ethics.acusd.edu/Glossary.html

Latzer, Y. & Hochdorf, Z (2005). Dying to be thin: attachment to death in anorexia

nervosa. ScientificWorldJournal. 5:820-7.

New Blog

After years of resistance to blogging, here I am. I am a midwife, soon to be graduating graduate nursing student, mother, partner, vegan and social justice activist.